There are many houses and other groups in the novels. The most well-known ones being House Atreides, House Harkonnen, the Bene Gesserit, and the Fremen. But Frank Herbert’s created many other groups in his fictional universe, some of which gradually evolved, and some which just died out.
Which is the one you are most fascinated with? And why do you find them so interesting?
The Bene Gesserit. I would’ve said the Ixians, but we don’t know that much about them, while Heretics and Chapterhouse give us a lot into the inner workings of the sisterhood, and I liked what I saw.
Choosing a most fascinating group is like choosing a favorite ice cream—I can’t do it. All are fascinating for a multitude of reasons, many of which have been touched on in the comments so far. This is one of the many reasons why these books have stood the test of time. The social groups, along with the worlds and universe are just so well developed with plenty of parallels to the human race and ethnic groups on Earth.
Probably the Honoured Matres because of what they are and their rivalry with the Bene Gesserit but also the insight into Herbert’s mind lol.