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I learned that type of stuff in college, so I can’t personally recommend any online sources. However, I can tell you that what you’re looking for falls under “Data Structures and Algorithms”. IIRC my degree required 3 classes with that name. Lots of sorting algorithms in that field since they make great case studies.
You learn the various data structures and algorithms available, their strengths and weaknesses, how they work, when to use them, etc…
You also learn how to measure performance, like Big-O notation, the bane of many a CS student’s existence.
I think once upon a time, some dumb politician used it to announce something dumb and it didn’t work lol